Fluency

When a student reads with sufficient accuracy, rate, and expression, they are able to focus on constructing meaning from the text rather than decoding individual words. These resources will deepen your understanding of reading fluency and offer evidence-based strategies to support its development in readers of all ages.

Featured Resources

Additional Resources

• Fast Track to Fluency
  Becky Clark

  ARTICLE | Literacy Today (member magazine)
• Books for Two Voices: Fluency Practice With Beginning Readers
  Eun Hye Son and Maggie Chase

  ARTICLE | The Reading Teacher (paid access)
• Understanding Reading Development: The Interplay of Fluency, Engagement, and Reading Anxiety in Early Grades
  Andrea Salins, Daria Khanolainen, Serje Robidoux, Maria Psyridou, Jenni Salminen, and Minna Torppa
  ARTICLE | Reading Research Quarterly (open access)
• Reading Prosody: A Listening Guide for Teachers
  Leilani Sáez, Makayla Whitney, Joseph F. T. Nese, Julie Alonzo, and Rhonda N. T. Nese
  ARTICLE | The Reading Teacher (paid access)
• Unpacking Automaticity: Scaffolded Texts and Comprehension
  Elfrieda H. Hiebert
  ARTICLE | Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy (open access)
• Automaticity and Control: How Do Executive Functions and Reading Fluency Interact in Predicting Reading Comprehension?
  Michael J. Kieffer and Joanna A. Christodoulou

  ARTICLE | Reading Research Quarterly (paid access)
• Synchronous Paired Oral Reading Techniques: Supporting Developing Readers in Connected Text
  Jake Downs and Kathleen Mohr
  ARTICLE | The Reading Teacher (paid access)
• What’s Really Wrong With Round Robin Reading?
  Melanie R. Kuhn

  BLOG POST | Literacy Now
• The Impact of a Canine-Assisted Reading Program on Readers Needing Extra Practice
  Amanda N. Coffman, Elana R. Bernstein, Susan C. Davies, and Ann F. Justice

  ARTICLE | The Reading Teacher (open access)
• Prosody, Pacing, and Situational Fluency (or Why Fluency Matters for Older Readers)
  Melanie R. Kuhn and Paula J. Schwanenflugel

  COMMENTARY | Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy (paid access)