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  • Twenty-first century students have 21st century skills to develop and assist in growing literacy.
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    • Teaching With Tech

    Building Bridges Between Digital and Physical Learning

    by Patricia Thibaut and Jen Scott Curwood
     | Oct 17, 2014

    Research in out-of-school settings suggests digital media is dramatically influencing children and young adults’ learning processes and literacy practices. In turn, it shapes their interactions with teachers, parents, and peers, as found in several research studies. Moreover, the challenges of the 21st century impose changes in the skills that young learners need to develop in an increasing participatory culture.

    As researchers and educators, we argue that the growing prevalence of digital media has provoked changes in the interactions, tools, and spaces where learning takes place. Today, we are facing new challenges as well as new opportunities for schools. For instance, what is the role of the teacher when using technologies? What affordances of digital tools might support teaching and learning? Conversely, which are the limitations of such tools?

    Scholarship suggests a focus on tools is not enough. For instance, Decoding Learning: Promise and Digital Education found that any digital tool on its own is unable to impact learning. Rather, the critical component is how teachers effectively use spaces and tools to support teaching and learning practices, including communication, collaboration, and content acquisition.

    In our recent study, we explored how literacy and learning are enacted across physical and digital spaces in a case study of an Australian primary classroom for the journal Learning, Media and Technology. The blended classroom we examined includes a physical space where students and teachers interact in conventional face-to-face modes and an online space where students engage in asynchronous interactions. In this classroom space, pen, paper, and a whiteboard were combined with laptops, mobile phones, iPads, digital games, a learning management system, and Edmodo.

    Our study suggests that teaching in a blended environment supports learning in four key ways: First, a blended classroom enables the distribution of knowledge and resources across students and the teacher as well as over space and time. For instance, students accessed Edmodo and the learning management system daily as a part of learning activities, to check on upcoming tasks, and to communicate with classmates and their teacher.

    Second, it offers opportunities for students to engage in peer teaching. Blending synchronous face-to-face learning with an asynchronous digital learning offers more ways for students’ voices to be heard. Specifically, there were less constraints in terms of time for students to think about their contributions and questions and there were more opportunities for self-expression, according to Computers & Education.

    Third, the blended classroom facilitates students’ independent and self-directed work, which allows them to navigate digital resources and choose what they need for achieving the outcomes set by the teacher. For example, when asked to create a mind map, students drew on pen and paper to make initial sketches before using applications such as Interactive Timeline, Trimble 3D Warehouse, Aspyr, SketchExpress, Mind Map, bubbl.us, and Stkyz.

    Fourth, physical and digital spaces offer students diverse ways to engage in new literacy practices. We observed students using different reading paths, creating multimodal texts, interacting with audiences other than the teacher, and experiencing new forms of authoring enabled by digital tools. All of these are part and parcel of becoming literate in a digitally mediated world.

    Our study also revealed challenges associated with teaching and learning in blended contexts. For instance, to successfully navigate multiple spaces and employ various tools, students need a metacognitive awareness about their learning, such as planning, selecting, keeping clarity of the tasks, and engaging in time management. For the teacher, this requires having knowledge about content, pedagogy, and technology; it also asks teachers to allow students agency in selecting tools and deciding on their learning pathways. We propose that within a blended classroom, teachers can foster the creation of a shared space that fosters new literacy practices and collaborative learning processes.

    Jen Scott Curwood (js.curwood@sydney.edu.au) is a senior lecturer in English education and media studies at the University of Sydney, where she is a lead researcher in the Sciences and Technologies of Learning Network and affiliated with the Centre for Research on Computer-Supported Learning and Cognition. She is the supervisor of Patricia Thibaut (patriciathibautpaez@sydney.edu.au), a PhD candidate at the University of Sydney.

     
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  • As a literacy educator and researcher with a passion for supporting struggling readers online, this year’s annual survey left me pondering the mixed prospects for the future.
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    • Teaching With Tech

    Supporting Struggling Readers Online: Tips and Resources

    by Kara Sevensma
     | Oct 10, 2014

    Each year the ever-popular IRA “What’s Hot in Literacy” survey provides a fascinating and often quite accurate prediction from literacy leaders about topics and trends in the field of literacy for the upcoming year (IRA Members, login to read the What's Hot survey here).   As a literacy educator and researcher with a passion for supporting struggling readers online, this year’s annual survey left me pondering the mixed prospects for the future. The topic of digital literacies/new literacies is “Very Hot,” which is promising; yet the topic supporting struggling readers is “Not Hot,” a disturbing trend indeed.

    Why should we care?  Our struggling readers are ones for whom online reading offers tremendous possibilities, but who could quite easily be left behind.  We can’t afford to ignore struggling readers by allowing them to fall into a digital/new literacies gap, lagging behind their peers. It seems like a great time to draw attention to this issue and share ideas for educators seeking to support struggling students in online reading.

    We know struggling readers need explicit strategy instruction. The following tips and resources offer educators effective ways to support online reading through strategy instruction.

    Use Tried-and-True Methods 

    When teaching new online strategies for reading, the gold standard would be methods already designed for and tested with struggling readers. One of the only current methods that meet this criterion is Internet Reciprocal Teaching (IRT). IRT extends Reciprocal Teaching, an effective method for teaching reading in print-based texts, and adapts the model for online reading. The TICA Research Project  provides an excellent starting point for resources including an overview of IRT, sample lessons, presentations and more.  Since methods specifically tested and deemed effective with struggling readers are limited, we must also draw on other methods that are conceptually designed with research and best practices that we know support struggling readers. Online reading strategies like the SEARCHing framework as described in Reading Teacher and the (PST)2+iC3 online reading formula as Michelle Schira Hagerman and Amber White wrote in Reading Today, as well as strategy guides and sample lessons on websites like ReadWriteThink and Common Sense Media offer promise because they are built upon a foundation of strategies that are been shown to effectively support struggling readers.      

    Capitalize On Strategies Students Have Already Mastered In Print-Based Texts

    Online reading requires new strategies, but also requires the use of many of the same strategies necessary for print-based texts. Strategies like summarizing, predicting, questioning, synthesizing, and evaluating text remain necessary in online reading environments.  An easy way to support struggling readers is to start with strategies they have already mastered in print-based texts and explicitly teach them to generalize and transfer these strategies to online texts. The CAST Strategy Tutor provides a good starting point for educators seeking a tool to integrate strategy instruction into any web-based content. It is easily customizable for many grades and subjects.

     Collaboration is Key

    The most effective new methods for teaching online reading (including IRT) emphasize the importance of collaboration.  Reading online is complex and requires students to use multiple strategies in flexible ways, drawing significantly on higher order thinking.  Given the demands of online reading, it appears that peer collaboration benefits students in learning more strategies, applying them more effectively, and most importantly, allowing struggling readers to become active participants and even leaders in peer groups, as reported in Reading and Writing Quarterly. Therefore, when designing lessons that intentionally teach online reading, we should strongly consider building in opportunities for student collaboration.

    As educators implement new methods for teaching online reading, an important final reminder is that many best practices for teaching strategies are relevant in any reading context:

    • Start small—students should learn only a few strategies at a time.
    • Model and “think aloud” as you introduce strategies.
    • Allow time for practice, practice, practice.
    • Provide opportunities for students to generalize and transfer strategies across multiple online reading sources.

    Kara Sevensma is an assistant professor of education at Calvin College.  She can be contacted at sevensma@calvin.edu.

     
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  • Diigo, an online social bookmarking app, helps students digitally annotate texts and dialogue with each other to better understand science ideas.
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    • Teaching With Tech

    Using Web-Based Annotations to Engage in Close Reading

    by Jill Castek
     | Oct 03, 2014

    Close reading/deep reading and digital literacies/new literacies were rated as hot topics in the annual edition of What’s Hot and What’s Not in Reading Today. Reading professionals and classroom teachers alike are recognizing the importance of instruction that asks students to gather information from multiple texts and formats referred to in the Common Core State Standards. This piece explores how middle school students used Diigo, an online social bookmarking app, to digitally annotate texts and dialogue with each other to better understand science ideas.

    Reading disciplinary texts can be difficult for adolescents. Not only is the content unfamiliar and conceptually challenging, the texts themselves contain features such as visual representations that are often crucial for gaining a rich understanding of the text. However, many students aren’t sufficiently prepared to analyze and think about these features, as was reported in Time to Act: Final Report from Carnegie Corporation of New York’s Council on Advancing Adolescent Literacy. Also, in a 2008 article about adolescent readers, Timothy and Cynthia Shanahan suggest comprehension difficulties arise because of the students’ lack of familiarity with the content as well as their lack of familiarity with the unique textual attributes that reading in a given discipline requires. Finally, many adolescents lack the strategies necessary for monitoring their own comprehension so when they encounter difficult, disciplinary-specific texts, they aren’t prepared to read them closely, according to Carol D. Lee and Anika Spratley.

    Annotation apps (iAnnotate, DocAS, Diigo, etc.) support active reading and provide students with features that allow them to mark texts as they engage in close reading. Students can employ these apps to help them target specific information and summarize key claims or findings related to their prior knowledge. When students use digital annotations to raise questions, they read more actively. By reading each other’s annotations, they are exposed to alternative ideas that may differ from their own, resulting in their appropriation of new ways to interpret texts.

    While the use of apps has rapidly increased in schools, there remains little research on the ways annotations can be used to support close reading. This exploratory effort sought to begin to examine the possibilities. In their middle school science class, students were taught how to use Diigo to add sticky notes to online text in order to reflect on their thinking. As the class shared the same digital reading space, the digital annotations engaged their ability to clearly state their ideas, illustrate their thinking, and support their claims with evidence. Their annotations were coded and analyzed and it became clear students used annotations for multiple purposes: to pose questions, formulate claims, and request evidence from peers to answer questions they had about ideas in the text.

    About 77 percent of the students used annotations to respond to a peer while about 20% indicated a response to the text and 3 percent indicated response to a side conversation. The process of collaborative annotation encouraged students’ documentation, critique, and refinement of ideas, which can aid learners in close reading of science texts. Peer interactions involved defining terms, posing questions, responding to questions, stating a claim, summarizing what the text or other students shared, disagreeing or challenging a peer, extending a peer’s idea with more evidence, and clarifying peers’ ideas when misinformation or a misunderstanding was advanced. These purposeful exchanges indicate a high degree of engagement with the process of online argumentation through the affordances and features of collaboration that Diigo provides.

    There is great value to the social exchange of questions. Laura Kretschmar, the classroom science teacher noted the questions students generated came from a range of different perspectives on the texts that “[individual] kids may not have on their own.” Collaborative annotation served as a means of building social connections and “served as an opportunity for more kids to participate.” The teacher remarked on the need to hold students “accountable to reading the text” by having them first read the text and post their annotations before responding to others’ annotations.
    Teachers can use annotations as a diagnostic tool in order to see where students’ misconceptions lie. Collaborative annotation provides space for peer-to-peer learning. Implementing a new technology requires classroom and school-based infrastructure. Integrating an annotation tool such as Diigo pays off when it becomes a frequent part of classroom practice.
    To sign up for a Diigo Educator Account:

    1. Explore the Diigo for Educator site.
    2. Post articles, or links to online content, on your classroom website. (examples: Ms. Swandby’s site, Ms. Kretschmar’s site).
    3. Model the annotation strategy thinking aloud. This process may include questioning, clarifying, and making connections.
    4. Summarize by preparing a list of annotation categories students can refer to as they read.
    5. Invite students to annotate using the active reading guidelines.
    6. Assess student engagement with texts by reviewing their annotations.

    Diigo gave all students a voice. It promoted dialogue focused around working together to better understand the text. Approachability of peer-to-peer interactions provided useful peer scaffolding. Peer-interactions became a student-driven entry point, welcoming different perspectives to engage with the text. Self-analysis of dialogue invited student reflection on quality conversation.

    Jill Castek is a Research Assistant Professor at Portland State. She leads the Literacy, Language, and Technology Research group. She can be reached at jcastek@pdx.edu.

    This article is part of a series from the Technology in Literacy Education Special Interest Group (TILE-SIG).

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  • As technologies and literacy advance it is becoming easier and easier to play, create, and post digital content on the Internet.
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    • Teaching With Tech

    Remix Online Content With Mozilla Popcorn

    by W. Ian O'Byrne
     | Sep 26, 2014

    In a recent column for the Journal of Adult and Adolescent Literacy, I indicate the need to encourage students to not only read, but write online text. I believe we need to move students from content consumers to content curators, to individuals who construct online content. The truth is that as technologies and literacy advance it is becoming easier and easier to play, create, and post digital content on the Internet. More to the point, we can provide opportunities for our students to rewrite, recreate, or remix information.

    What Do You Mean by Remix?

    We live in a remix culture. When I use terms like "remix" or "mashup," it may sound foreign or taboo, that it doesn't make sense I can read something online, and then rewrite or recreate it.

    For a better understanding of the pervasive nature of remix in culture, I recommend Kirby Ferguson's Ted Talk, " Embracing the Remix".

    Keep in mind that many have already seen plenty examples of remix in popular culture. One of the key examples I provide for remix includes the recent spate of remixes of Brian Williams content from The Tonight Show.

    Getting Started With Remix Using Popcorn

    Now that we're beginning to understand the nature of remix and mashup in culture, one of my favorite tools to use with students and teachers to explore the nature of remix in composing online content is Mozilla Popcorn. Popcorn is one of the fantastic, FREE tools offered by the Webmaker community to help teach and learn digital skills and web literacy. Learn more about Popcorn, through the following video from Kevin Hodgson, or check out Common Sense Graphite.

    To get started with Popcorn, I first start with teachers in class, or professional development and ask them to write down six words that they identify with. In the Webmaker TeachTheWeb Massive Open Online Collorabtion this was called the Six Word Memoir assignment. I view the Six Word Memoir assignment as a digital alternative to the traditional BioPoem activity. After teachers identify their six words, I show them the basics of Popcorn, and then allow them to remix my Six Word Memoir. With some time and tinkering, educators are quickly adding in their own photos, music, and text to my content.

    Read, Write, and Remix Your Identity

    After teachers become a bit more experienced with manipulating Popcorn, I usually up the ante by showing them to the version of My Philosophy Statement. In the Webmaker MOOC this was labeled your credo, but at its simplest form it is a philosophy of teaching and learning statement. In our Instructional Technology & Digital Media Literacy (#ITDML) program, we require students (veteran teachers) to start the program by blogging about their philosophy statement. At the end of the program they remix this statement using what they've learned. Many students choose to remix my content as a starting point. Here is my credo to review and remix.

    W. Ian O'Byrne is an assistant professor in the Department of Education at the University of New Haven. You can read his blog , follow him on Twitter (@wiobyrne), or on Google+.
    This article is part of a series from the Technology in Literacy Education Special Interest Group (TILE-SIG).

     
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  • Many teachers, parents, and administrators are afraid of the potential dangers associated with social media. Are there potential dangers associated with social media? Yes. However, do we ban scissors and physical education classes because there is a potential of danger? No. Within the safety of our classroom walls, we teach students safe practices until those practices become habits. That is also what we need to do with our students and social media.
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    Social Media Can be as Valuable as Pencils in the Classroom

    by Julie D. Ramsay
     | Sep 24, 2014

    In today’s world, the topic of using technology in the classroom can be intimidating. In this monthly column, join one teacher on a quest to discover the best way to meet the needs of her digital-age learners…moving beyond the technology tools to focusing on supporting each student’s learning. 

    It’s the beginning of a typical day: there’s a hum of learning beginning in the classrooms, students are running errands to various parts of the school building, and announcements break in for current school news.  Then it’s discovered! Someone has gone into the restroom and written on the walls with a pencil. Outrage ensues and a culprit is quickly discovered. This type of behavior simply cannot, will not, be tolerated. From this point on, all pencils are banned from school grounds.

    As teachers, we know that this is ludicrous. We understand that kids will be kids. Mistakes happen. We look for these opportunities to harness the power of turning a mistake, or lapse of judgment, into a moment for our students to learn and grow as individuals. Likewise, we know that we cannot deprive other students of other learning opportunities because one student misused their pencil. After all, a pencil is simply a tool; a tool with incredible potential to support not only content-area learning, but also creativity, collaboration, and problem solving.

    However, in today’s classrooms around the world, some teachers are doing just that; they are banning a tool that brings a world of learning possibilities far beyond our imagination. That tool is social media. Those two words typically have a polarizing affect upon teachers. They either love it or they avoid it like the plague.  

    Many teachers, parents, and administrators are afraid of the potential dangers associated with social media. Are there potential dangers associated with social media? Yes. However, do we ban scissors and physical education classes because there is a potential of danger? No. Within the safety of our classroom walls, we teach students safe practices until those practices become habits. That is also what we need to do with our students and social media.

    Safety First

    We have been using social media in our classroom for six years. When we started, I only had a vision of making our classroom visible to my students’ family. I wanted for my learners’ parents and relatives to become a part of the learning that was taking place in our classroom. So I approached my administrator and explained my purpose. I also explained I had put several safety measures in place for our students. After hearing all of my plans and knowing that many of our learners’ family members were all over the world, she agreed to allow us to use social media in order to bring home and school closer together as we worked to strengthen the community bond.

    We began with Twitter. First of all, I would be the only one with the login information and my personal phone was the only device connected to that account. I would control everything going out of our Twitter account and filter anything coming into our classroom. We would only follow other classes of students, children’s/young adult authors, or educational resources.

    Furthermore, we would spend the first week of school engaging in serious conversations about cyber-safety and netiquette. These conversations were not meant to scare students, but were intended to help open their eyes to all of the benefits of social media as well as the potential dangers. We used the Net Cetera resources from OnguardOnline.gov to guide the dialogue. What surprised me the first year we had this conversation is how many students were already using social networking sites with little to no supervision or guidance. Because we had these conversations, my students understood their online choices and actually made themselves safer when they were away from the filters and safety precautions at school.

    Following our in-class discussion, students took the Net Cetera books (also available in Spanish) home to their parents. The students put on the teacher hat and led conversations with their parents about online safety. Parents contacted me in awe of their students’ ability to articulate the importance of making wiser choices when online.

    Our foray into social media quickly grew as students began to realize and crave an authentic reason to share their learning, discuss their books, publish their writing, and create challenges for their global peers. They would share their successes and ask for help in overcoming obstacles. Since we had laid a strong foundation in understanding the place for this tool in supporting our learning and communicating with others, my students began connecting with experts who could answer their questions, writing mentors who could guide their writing development, and role models who provided inspiration in pursuing their dreams.

    Speak Up

    I knew for this to have long-term, successful ramifications, I needed parental support. My learners’ parents needed to understand that social media was more than celebrities sharing their mundane life choices; it was a tool that could connect students to a world of learning opportunities not available through other mediums (See Giving Every Student a Voice with Twitter).

    All parents in our district signed a release form allowing photos of their students to be posted online. We would never post a photo with a child’s name.  However, I wanted for the parents to see the amazing potential social media afforded their students.

    At our “Meet the Teacher” night before school began, I began sharing all of our plans and the role Twitter (later we added blogging , Skype, and Instagram) would play in our learning. I explained the safety precautions in place and how the students would be learning lifelong skills within the safety of our classroom.   In the six years we have used social media, I have only had one parent who didn’t want his child’s photo posted and after two months of watching our Twitter feed, he changed his mind. I attribute this to the fact that the parents became a part of the conversation. They were well-informed. Social media was never presented as an “extra,” but as tool to support their students’ learning and growth. It provided a relevance and authenticity to their learning while inviting parents to join us in learning adventures.

    Going Beyond

    When embarking on anything new, education is the key. Change is scary. The unknown evokes fear in many. As the teacher, we must be educated and able to articulate and support our practice. Our choices must be purposeful and support relevant and meaningful learning for all of our students.

    It’s important to take time to communicate our ideas while validating and addressing the concerns of administrators and parents. After all, we are the ones leading the learning of all of our students. We need to be the ones advocating for what is best for them in today’s digital age.

    It’s time for us to stop banning “pencils,” and open our students up to a whole new world of learning. The answer is not in banning practices or tools that can build our learners far beyond our classroom. There is a world that is overflowing with opportunities for them to grow and connect with their global peers all within the safety of our classrooms. It is our responsibility to pave the way where students can harness the power of different tools to support them on their path of lifelong learning.

    Julie D. Ramsay is a Nationally Board Certified educator and the author of Can We Skip Lunch and Keep Writing?: Collaborating in Class & Online, Grades 3-8. She teaches ELA to sixth graders at Rock Quarry Middle School in Tuscaloosa, AL. She also travels the country to speak, present, and facilitate workshops in applying technology to support authentic learning. Read her blog at juliedramsay.blogspot.com

     
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