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    Hard-Copy Graphic Novels Are Vital for ESL Students

    by Christian W. Chun
     | Aug 14, 2014

    Five years ago I wrote “Critical literacies and graphic novels for English Language Learners: Teaching Maus,” for the Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy. Since that time, the increasing spread of apps on so-called ‘smartphones’ and other slightly larger handheld devices have enabled readers to view and read massive amounts of content online—at least those who have access to these expensive tools and their supporting infrastructure. These digital electronic devices make it much easier for readers to read their favorite books, all compiled, archived, and catalogued in an easily portable and quickly accessible form.

    But what about those who do not have such easy and immediate access to e-readers and apps, particularly adolescents? Will they continue to fall further behind their more affluent and privileged peers in reading levels and abilities? What about adolescent English language learners (ELLs), especially those emigrating and or fleeing from much poorer societies? What types of access do they have to this content, now at the literal fingertips of those who are much more fortunate?

    These days I see many a young reader immersed in their smartphones. Whether they’re walking down the street or riding the subways and buses, they’re playing Candy Crush or Farmville, texting their friends, watching the latest insipid Asian soap opera on YouTube, or incessantly checking their Facebook pages and the ‘likes’ they’ve garnered on their photo postings or status updates (but don’t we all?). I see few actually reading. Of course, this is not based on any scientific survey or careful ethnographic observation of a representative sample of adolescents over a period of time, merely anecdotal observations of their everyday behavior. When I do see teens and university-level students reading online content (other than their social media pages) on their devices, many are reading comic books and graphic novels in their digital forms.

    As much as I love my electronic devices and accompanying broadband access to read content posted from around the world—newspapers based in New York, Los Angeles, or London, or blogs written by anyone from anywhere on anything—when it comes to reading certain books, I am still what one might call “old school,” unashamedly and proudly so. I have read several popular books on a smartphone, but when I read what some call “serious” books. For example, I prefer to read academic tomes and works of literature in their physical manifestations as printed bound material, preferably in paperback for their lighter weight, as academic books tend to be much heavier due to their higher paper quality. And for books featuring elaborate and imaginative illustrations, colorful drawings, photos, and figures, this is a must for me. Why? I take seriously the sensual pleasures afforded by touching the cover, opening the book, turning the pages, and running my fingertips across a page feeling its particular fiber. These tactile sensations are not to be underestimated or discounted; indeed, they are central to the pleasures of reading in addition to the textually and visually-induced ones.

    The reader by now might be noting the perhaps unintended irony of this writer extolling the virtues of reading printed material on a website called Reading Today Online, but this is my point. As much as some of us entertain the notion that the Internet has connected us worldwide in countless ways, a sizable percentage of the global population does not have access to the Internet—one-third of the world, in fact. Included in this are the communities who cannot afford mobile electronic devices and broadband access in countries such as the United States and the U.K., where many immigrant ELLs reside.

    Thankfully, the institution of public libraries is still intact today. Go to one and look around. You will see people from diverse socioeconomic and cultural backgrounds all engaged with reading newspapers, magazines, books, and, yes, graphic novels. Graphic novels can be quite expensive to purchase and thus out of reach for families struggling to make ends meet, but with a library card, one can read many more graphic novels than one can afford to buy. This is still an important feature of any democratic society, or at least a society that proclaims itself to be one, the free public access to information through books written to inspire our imagination and creativity. In this, graphic novels in their printed forms are much more easily available to immigrant ELLs who don’t have the material resources for expensive electronic devices.

    For adolescent immigrant ELLs from these economically struggling families, graphic novels, as I argued in my 2009 article, can serve as a gateway to social networks and communities in high school that could enable them to adapt more easily to their new societies. But more than this, the availability of these graphic novels, tattered as they may be from numerous library borrowers turning those pages over and over, is of course an extremely important gateway to reading, and reading more. As I also argued, the interfaces between the visual images and illustrations of graphic novels and the textual, often sophisticated writing contained in those “speech balloons” help scaffold reading for ELLs. Additionally, reading about other immigrants struggling to adapt and live in their new societies, such as Maus and Persepolis, not only resonate with immigrant ELLs, but can also inspire them to find similar ways to survive and persist, and perhaps even triumph in small and large ways. Hasn’t that always been the aim of literature throughout the ages?

    Lastly, consider this: a child or adolescent having a smartphone back in 2005 or 2006 was most likely considered “cool” by her or his peers. Now? That’s so… 2005. Many (if not almost all) middle-class kids have not only one, but multiple electronic devices. An adolescent immigrant ELL student walking into the school cafeteria carrying not another iPhone or iPad but an actual graphic novel with its colorful images prominently displayed on the printed tattered cover? Now that’s cool.

    Christian W. Chun is an assistant professor in the Department of English at the City University of Hong Kong. Previously, he was on the faculty of the Rossier School of Education, University of Southern California. Drawing upon his extensive ESL teaching experience spanning nearly 20 years in Los Angeles, his research focuses on critical literacy approaches to English language education. His work has been published in Language Assessment Quarterly, Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy, Journal of English for Academic Purposes, and Research in the Teaching of English, and several edited volumes. His forthcoming book, Power and Meaning Making in an EAP Classroom: Engaging With the Everyday, will be published by Multilingual Matters in January 2015.

     
    Five years ago I wrote “Critical literacies and graphic novels for English Language Learners: Teaching Maus,” for the Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy. Since that time, the increasing spread of apps on so-called ‘smartphones’ and other...Read More
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    More Ways to Pitch Graphic Novels

    by John Schumacher
     | Aug 12, 2014

    More  Ways to Pitch Graphic NovelsBefore landing my dream job as a teacher-librarian, I taught third grade for four years. Every morning I placed a book and a short message on two or three students' desks. Sometimes the books and students matched, sometimes they did not. One morning a finicky reader found Amulet: The Stonekeeper on his desk. He usually ignored the note and shoved the book in his desk. Not that day. The cover caught his eye. And guess what? He started reading the words and studying the pictures. He finished it during recess. On the way back to the classroom, he handed me Amulet and said, "When are you going to buy the second book?" A graphic novel reader was born, and I became a staunch believer in the importance of graphic novels in every school classroom and library.

    Have you ever encountered a parent, a teacher, or a librarian who does not support graphic novels? I have. Whenever someone questions why I promote graphic novels, I pull one of the following resources out of my hat:

    Raising a Reader! How Comics & Graphic Novels Can Help Your Kids Love To Read

    I print out a dozen copies of this powerful document before parent-teacher conferences. It is a must-read for every educator and parent.

    Using Graphic Novels with Children and Teens: A Guide for Teachers and Librarians

    This colorful guide inspired one of my all-time favorite displays in my school library. It shares with everyone who enters our space why we support and promote graphic novels.

    The Association for Library Service to Children’s Graphic Novels Reading Lists

    Use this list to build or enhance your graphic novel collection.

    My Blendspace Lesson

    And here is something of my very own. I created a Blendspace lesson that highlights 14 graphic novels I regularly promote in my library.

    I hope you have a wonderful school year reading and promoting graphic novels.

    John Schumacher is a K-5 School Library Director in Oak Brook, IL. Read his popular blogs, Watch. Connect. Read. and Two Libraries One Voice for even more book suggestions. Follow him on Twitter at @mrschureads.

     
    Before landing my dream job as a teacher-librarian, I taught third grade for four years. Every morning I placed a book and a short message on two or three students' desks. Sometimes the books and students matched, sometimes they did not. One...Read More
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    Quiet! Teacher in Progress: Free Your Mind

    by Mrs. Mimi aka Jennifer Scoggin
     | Aug 07, 2014

    Being a teacher means embracing constant change. Yet all too often, teachers are told when, how, and why to change. In this monthly column, Mrs. Mimi takes on creating change for herself by rethinking old practices and redefining teaching on her own terms.

    Quiet! Teacher in Progress: Free Your Mind
    photo credit: Holtsman via photopin cc
    Back-to-school is upon us. Our return to the classroom is imminent and perhaps you have already spent time in your classrooms dutifully readying it for a new crop of little friends. As you know, this time of preparation is precious. For many of us we prepare voluntarily on our own schedule and therefore we use our hours as we see fit. Choosing a new color scheme for the bulletin boards, reorganizing the classroom library, revolutionizing how we deal with those &%$!! pesky unsharpened pencils. There are no forms to be filled out (yet!), assessments to be given (yet!), bathroom requests to deal with (yet!) or endless meetings filling our schedules (YET!).

     

    It is a wonderful time to reflect on what works for you as a teacher as well as what you would like to do differently this year. Of course, there are decisions you can't possibly make until your small fries walk in the door, but during these precious quiet pre-craziness moments, we can give some thought to what type of teacher we want to be this year. Might I make a suggestion?

    Expand your definition of what counts as "real reading." Just to lay my cards on the table, I believe real reading means children are actively engaged with text of their choice. Don't get me wrong, there are many children who become authentically engaged with texts assigned to them and there is a place for that type of reading. But I think we are all familiar with what it is like to assign a particular passage, an article or even an entire book for students to read. I am asking us to consider something beyond that.

    I work with a lot of wonderful teachers who love reading, have read many of the books in their classroom libraries and they are excited to share their love for many of these books with their students. Often these teachers, who are lovely, lovely people, offer their students an artificial choice between two very similar books that reflect the teacher's own reading preferences. Or, some teachers disregard books students bring from home, labeling them as too easy, too silly, or not classic literature. Again, these are fabulous teachers with the best of intentions, but they are inadvertently narrowing the choice for the student. Many students will dutifully complete the reading, but are they really reading? We might think it is "real" reading because the book is a classic, but if my many years of teaching reading have taught me anything, it is that children are amazing fakers. Some of them could win Tony Awards for the performances.

    Where is there time in your day for students to read texts of their choice? And what do students have to choose from? Are we validating these choices as "real" reading or subconsciously sending children the message that only certain types of texts count? If you are looking to expand the choices you offer to students, I know that can feel daunting, expensive, or just impossible. Consider these ideas:

    • Photo copy poems from favorite anthologies
    • Download digital texts on a tablet through a resource such as Scholastic's Storia
    • Offer access to reading-centric apps
    • Print out online articles from engaging sites such as National Geographic Kids or Wonderopolis
    • Laminate copies of song lyrics familiar to or popular with students
    • Snip articles from a variety of sections of the local paper
    • Collect maps of the world or menus from local restaurants
    • Put together a bin of magazines
    • Add graphic novels to your library
    • Offer a bin of photographs as wordless texts
    • Gather a variety of advertisements or other persuasive texts such as book reviews

     

    I am not saying to go anti-classics because my life would not be the same without The Trumpet of the Swans. I am merely suggesting we mix things up and prioritize the choices of our students as readers. Sometimes I just want to curl up with People magazine and put my latest The New York Times best seller down for a bit. And I am still a real reader despite my penchant for celebrity gossip.

    Mrs. Mimi, aka Jennifer Scoggin, is a teacher who taught both first and second grades at a public elementary school in New York City. She's the author of the upcoming Be Fabulous The Reading Teacher's Guide to Reclaiming Your Happiness in the Classroom and It's Not All Flowers and Sausages: My Adventures in Second Grade, which sprung from her popular blog of the same name. Mimi also has her doctorate in education from Teachers College, Columbia University.

     
    Being a teacher means embracing constant change. Yet all too often, teachers are told when, how, and why to change. In this monthly column, Mrs. Mimi takes on creating change for herself by rethinking old practices and redefining teaching on her...Read More
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    Best Ever Literacy Tips for Teaching Informational Text Structures

    by Lori Oczkus
     | Aug 05, 2014

    shutterstock_143757679_300pxWhen asked, “What is different about informational text?” many students readily respond by listing informational text’s obvious text features. Students are familiar with its features and make comments like:

    “It has headings.”

    “Informational text has pictures of real things.”

    “You see maps and charts.”

    “It has an index and glossary of words.”

    While informational text features are easily recognizable, text structures require further training for most of our students. Focusing on text structures is worth the effort because research suggests that understanding text structure strengthens overall comprehension and may also provide students with models for writing, according to Marjorie Lipson at the University of Vermont. Common Core Standards require students to “Analyze the structure of texts, including how specific sentences, paragraphs, and larger portions of the text (a section, chapter, scene, or stanza) relate to each other and the whole.”

    Since informational texts are written to inform, persuade, or entertain the topic covered and author’s purpose determines the text structure. For example, a second-grade science text about the life cycle of a frog is written to inform and fits an obvious time order sequence pattern. The Civil War chapter in a history text for upper grades may follow different organizational structures within the same chapter, including time order for sequence of events and cause and effect when discussing the causes of the war.  There are five basic text structures that authors use as they craft their informational texts including descriptive, problem/solution, time order sequence, compare/contrast, cause and effect.  

    Think about how you use text structures to guide your understanding when you read informational texts.  If you pick up a travel guide about Hawaii you probably flip through it to see how it is organized. Are the chapters or sections focused on geographic regions of the island you are visiting or by recreational activities (eating, snorkeling, hotels etc)?  Is a map included and then some descriptive text? Text structures help you gain information about the topic.

    Text structures play an important role in comprehending informational text. When you teach text structures using engaging mentor texts, graphic organizers, along with interactive think-alouds and partner or group practice, your students’ comprehension will soar. Here are some practical student-centered ideas to bring text structures to your students throughout the school year!

    Use graphic organizers

    Using graphic organizers throughout lessons helps students to improve their comprehension and good readers use graphic organizers to summarize texts. By posting the five basic informational text structures in the classroom and referring to them often, students become familiar with how authors choose to organize their texts with examples from my book, Best Ever Literacy Survival Tips

    Share mentor texts for each structure

    When you use catchy high interest mentor texts with engaging illustrations to demonstrate each of the text structures, students have a hook to remember the structure!  Read the text aloud and show students how the graphic organizer above fits the text organization. The mentor texts become models or examples you return to all year long!

    Mentor Texts to Teach Informational Text Structure


    Description

    Animals Nobody Loves by Seymour Simon
    Students will remember the facts about each of the creatures on the least favored list!

    Sequence

    Liberty Rising by Pegi Deitz Shea
    The wonderful illustrations show the sequence of how the great Statue of Liberty came about.

    Problem/Solution

    Jimmy the Joey: The True Story of an Amazing Koala Rescue by Debora Lee Rose
    A little orphaned koala is rescued and learns to survive on his own.  Students are introduced to koala endangerment organizations for letter writing and project-based learning!

    Cause/ Effect

    Electrical Wizard by Elizabeth Rusch
    Whether Nikola Tesla was observing the sparks from petting his cat or studying the power of Niagara Falls, he lived in an inventor’s world of cause and effect!

    Compare/Contrast

    Lincoln and Douglass by Nikki Giovanni
    In spite of their differences, these two friends had much in common! What a great compare/contrast story.


    Pay attention to text structure throughout reading

    Encourage and guide students as they read to use text structure to comprehend text.  Before reading text walk to predict the text structure. During reading fill in the appropriate organizer or verbally summarize the learning so far.  After reading summarize using a graphic organizer either verbally or in writing.

    Conduct frequent think-alouds

    Explain to students that good readers use text structures often to guide their reading. Show how to text-walk before reading to anticipate which structure will be used by saying, “I think the author wrote this ( article, book, chapter, section) by using (one of the five structures) because I see (clues, clue words, etc).”  Anytime the class is reading informational text, pause to consider which structure fits the text.

    Assign a text structure to groups or pairs

    Students work in teams to hunt for text structures to identify in weekly student newspapers, online articles, and content area textbooks.   Read aloud from informational texts and have students stand up if their assigned structure is named.

    Lori Oczkus is an independent literacy consultant, speaker, and author. Her most recent book is Just the Facts: Close Reading and the Comprehension of Informational Text. She can be reached at loczkus52@earthlink.net.

    When asked, “What is different about informational text?” many students readily respond by listing informational text’s obvious text features. Students are familiar with its features and make comments like: “It has headings.” “Informational ...Read More
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    Member of the Month: Cindy Gerwin

    by April Hall
     | Aug 01, 2014

    Cindy Gerwin is a dedicated member of IRA who took the long way around to become a classroom teacher. She was inspired to be a teacher by her father, but wound through theater, the business world and the fitness industry before she went back to college and earned a degree in education. She said she’s never once regretted her journey, calling it an exploration of all sides of herself.

    Gerwin is president of the Illinois Reading Council, which recently earned the IRA Distinguished Council Award at the Council Leadership Academy. The council was honored for its work in community engagement, teacher empowerment, and public awareness.

    How did you begin your career, and what led you to your current position?

    Member of the Month: Cindy GerwinI was born in Oak Park, IL, and raised in the Cook County Forest Preserve at a place called the Little Red Schoolhouse Nature Center. The building was originally used in the 1800’s as a one-room schoolhouse to teach the three R’s—reading, writing, and arithmetic. After the building was moved from its original location in the 1950s, the doors reopened to provide a different type of educational environment—a nature center where visitors could learn about plants and wildlife native to the Cook County area. My dad was the director and caretaker, and he was an incredibly talented speaker. With his biological knowledge of the area and his quick wit, he gave engaging presentations to many school groups. He was my teacher inspiration and role model. For as long as I can remember, I also stood in front of visiting school groups and “taught.” Teaching was in my blood, or so I thought.

    After spending several years actively involved in various theatre groups, I came to realize I was imitating my dad’s performance, which wasn’t the same thing as teaching. But, I was still interested in teaching as a profession. I was concerned, however, that I could not provide for a family with a career in teaching, so when it came time for me to choose a career and a college, I chose to pursue a business degree.

    I graduated from Eastern Illinois University in 1984 with a bachelor’s in marketing/advertising. My first few years after graduating were spent as a director of marketing in the business industry. I moved to the fitness industry, as both a manager and an instructor and had two children. As my children got older, my thirst to make a difference in the lives of others through teaching brought me back to school. I obtained a master’s in elementary education from Benedictine University, an endorsement in English as a Second Language from National Louis University, and I became a National Board Certified Teacher. I am excited to begin work in January on my Doctorate of Education in literacy at Judson University.

    What are you most excited about as president of the Illinois Reading Council?

    Literacy teachers across the state know the Illinois Reading Council (IRC) is an organization empowering teachers, and raising community engagement and public awareness. After I was elected vice president of IRC, the executive committee began to realize that although IRC was an excellent organization, the organization had become complacent—losing focus and quickly depleting financial resources. The executive committee analyzed IRC’s current status as an organization, implemented immediate corrective financial action and began strategic planning to ensure its sustainable success. In two short years, IRC is operating with a balanced budget, replenishing depleted reserve funds, and increasing membership. The group organized the most well-attended and profitable annual conference in IRC’s history, and has a renewed sense of direction and purpose. I am so excited and proud to be part of the incredible leadership team that has accomplished so much in a relatively short time, and of the energy for the direction we are heading as an organization. I am excited about IRC’s strategic plans, including increasing membership value, researching the connection between active involvement in a professional organization and student achievement, growing our quality professional development services, increasing productive relationships with administrators, pre-service, and early career teachers, and empowering lives through literacy.

    Member of the Month: Cindy Gerwin
    The Little Red Schoolhouse in Oak Park, IL.

    What role does your council play in empowering teachers?

    IRC empowers teachers through the quality of professional development we provide our membership, particularly our annual conference. Our conference is one of the largest literacy conferences held in the United States. For many of the downstate teachers who attend our conference, this is the only professional development they can afford and receive throughout the entire year. Teachers often are discussing the conference in their schools and with their students for weeks after.

    Our local councils often compliment IRC’s annual conference by providing professional development throughout the year related to the conference theme, which we help support. IRC also empowers teachers with our nationally known quality publications including the IRC Journal, our quarterly newsletter Communicator, and monthly e-newsletter iCommunnicate. As part of our strategic planning, IRC is working towards offering professional development in variety ways utilizing various media formats—our overarching goal is to increase membership value by attending to our membership needs.

    How do you raise community awareness and engagement as a council?

    IRC raises community awareness and engagement by funding Literacy Support Grants to support teachers and their learning communities as they work towards empowering lives through literacy for all the citizens of Illinois.  IRC provides classroom libraries that are culturally diverse through the Obama Library Award and libraries that support rural towns through the Pamela J. Farris Library Award. Many of our statewide special interest councils and local councils also support such projects as the annual Young Authors Conference and various International Projects. The “Illinois Reads” project was launched two years ago with the purpose of getting everyone in Illinois in a “reading state of mind.”

    What are you reading (personal, professional, or even children's/YA)?

    Professionally, I am reading Falling in Love With Close Reading by Christopher Lehman and Kate Roberts. Personally, I am reading The Maze Runner by James Dashner, which will be released as a movie this fall. My favorite book of all time is Guess How Much I Love You by Sam McBratney. When I was little, my dad used to ask me, “How much do you love me?” I would reply, “This much!”—spreading my arms out as wide as they would go. When I read Guess How Much I Love You, it spoke to me. After I had kids (John, 23, and Ashley, 20), I read it to them every night when they were little, we still sometimes read it together. When the kids were little we began what we referred to as our “I Love You book collection.” We created the following saying from the books in our collection that we still repeat to each other multiple times a day, “I love you this much, to the moon and back, forever and ever and always.” I have the Little Nut Browne Hare tattooed on my ankle (I love you this much). My son has the moon on his ankle (to the moon and back,) and my daughter has the infinity symbol on her ankle (forever and ever and always.). Guess How Much I Love You means a lot to my kids and me!

    How long have you been a member of IRA? How has membership influenced your career?

    If I am reading my records correctly, I became a member of IRA December, 2005, and attended my first IRA conference in downtown Chicago in 2006. When I was working on my Master’s degree, during one of my reading methods courses I was given an assignment to explore various professional literacy organizations and write a two-page paper summarizing what I found. I researched, and joined, IRA. The professor who was teaching the course was a member of IRA, the Illinois Reading Council and Prairie Area Reading Council. She was being asked to step in as president of the Prairie Area Reading Council and inquired if I wanted to join her for PARC’s fall meeting featuring Dick Allington. I went to the meeting, loved Dick Allington, and when the meeting was over, I was the newly elected Vice President of PARC. The rest is history.

    What do you consider to be your proudest career moment?

    Boy this is a tough question. I would have to say my proudest teaching moment was a moment I had before I officially became a teacher. It is a moment that inspired me to pursue my passion for teaching and it is a moment that still brings tears to my eyes when I think of it.

    When I was in high school, I taught swimming lessons during my summers. It was my senior year and my last year of teaching swimming lessons at the high school before leaving for college to pursue a career in business. A little boy with blonde curly hair and blue eyes (I can still see his face) was there for swimming lessons. He sat in the corner of the deck crying hysterically, so of course no one wanted him in the group they were teaching. I took him into my group, reluctantly. He never left the corner of the deck that day. After the lesson, I talked with his mom. She was desperate. He had nearly drowned has an infant and became hysterical every time he was near water, including bath time. She did not know what else to try. Long story short, I worked with him every day over the summer. And, at the end of our time in the pool together, before I set him back down on the deck, I would always ask him to promise he would come back the next day. He never said a word, he just ran off at the end of each lesson. I taught him to swim, and he grew to love the water by the end of the summer. The last day of class, he appeared with a white rose in his hand and said, “Teacher, I promise I be back next time.” I knew that I played a small role in changing that little boy’s life forever. Even though I have accomplished other things in my teaching career that I am proud of, this moment stays with me and inspires me daily.

    What's the best advice you could offer someone new to the profession?

    To make a profound impact on the life of another, you have to be a passionate lifelong learner yourself. Today, for many reasons, the odds are stacked against you in the teaching world. Contrary to popular public opinion, teaching is not 9 a.m.-3 p.m. job with summers off—at least good teaching is not. But, if you love what your do, it is one of the most rewarding jobs in the world. Seeing someone succeed and knowing that you played a small part in that accomplishment is worth all time and effort you put into teaching. Those are the moments that inspire and energize you.

    Do you want to suggest an IRA member for the Member of the Month feature interview? E-mail readingtoday@reading.org.

    April Hall is the editor of Reading Today Online. She can be reached at ahall@reading.org.

    Cindy Gerwin is a dedicated member of IRA who took the long way around to become a classroom teacher. She was inspired to be a teacher by her father, but wound through theater, the business world and the fitness industry before she went back to...Read More
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