Literacy Now

Of all the books I’ve written, the one used most often as a springboard for classroom learning projects is The Lemonade War, the first in a series of middle-grade novels. In the book, Evan and Jessie get into a fight about who can sell the most lemonade in the five days before school begins. It’s a story of sibling rivalry, competition, and conflict resolution. And math. And business. After all, how could you write a story about competing lemonade stands without including math and business?

Indeed, the math/business angle is one of the things that sets the book apart, and one of the comments I hear most often from teachers is that they love the way math and business concepts are integrated into the story.

Well, the truth is, I never even thought about that “angle” when I was writing the book. I was just tapping into who I was as an elementary school kid: When I was a kid, I loved money. I loved earning it, counting it, saving it, (occasionally) spending it, and sometimes even giving it away. I started babysitting when I was ten and making crafty stuff that I could sell in the local consignment shop when I was twelve. By the time I was fourteen, I had a regular eight-hour-a-week paycheck job (at the local library, of course!). I was my own “business.” And business required math skills.

So when I wrote about Jessie’s love of graphs and Evan’s triumph in solving a math problem using pictures, I wasn’t doing it to provide a teaching moment in the book. It just felt true to the characters and the story I was telling.

But I will say here and now that I’m thrilled the book has found this dual purpose. The Lemonade War has been embraced as a One School, One Book offering, and so the classroom learning projects for the book often span grades K–6. Here are just a few of the ways in which smart, energizing teachers are using The Lemonade War to get their kids excited about math and business.

Gross Profit vs. Net Profit​

A fundamental business concept is the difference between gross profit and net profit. The money you take from your customers isn’t what you “earn,” because you have to subtract the cost of doing business. This is a concept that is reinforced throughout the book as both Evan and Jessie struggle to increase their profit margins.

At first, all the lemonade supplies are “donated” by Mrs. Treski, and so gross profit equals net profit. But from that point on, the kids need to buy their own supplies (for example, lemonade mix and cups). It’s a sad moment when Jessie realizes in Chapter 8 that in order to win The Lemonade War, she would need to sell 375 cups of lemonade. “I am DOOMED!!” she writes.

Figuring gross profit, net profit, and profit margin involves addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, fractions, and percentages. Needless to say, kids are a lot more engaged in doing this math work when it involves their own lemonade war—and that’s what many schools do.

Rebecca Lynn Bowling used The Lemonade War when she was a fourth-grade teacher at Mullins School in Pikeville, Kentucky. “We decided to have a real-life Lemonade War,” explains Bowling, with classrooms competing against each other to see who could sell the most lemonade in one day. Each classroom wrote up a business plan for their lemonade stand, created advertising, and then came to school ready to sell. On the day of the war, the students assigned to work the lemonade stand “came dressed alike in matching attire. It was awesome!” In addition to calculations of profit margins, the project required the students to practice problem-solving, inferring, predicting, evaluating, and summarizing.

It’s also possible to launch a “virtual” Lemonade War, which is the approach taken by Mandy Marlo, a sixth-grade Language Arts and Social Studies teacher at Chagrin Falls Intermediate School in Chagrin Falls, Ohio. Marlo explains, “Our sixth-grade social studies classes used an interactive lemonade stand website to explore supply and demand.”

Each student started the month with three dollars and ran the virtual lemonade stand for 30 days. Every day, the website would give the student a weather report, that day’s cost-per-glass for making lemonade, and the opportunity to buy advertising. The student then entered how may glasses of lemonade he or she wanted to make that day, and the website would generate that day’s profit/loss. The students charted their results using the following organizer.

Marlo taught the students “trade and economics” vocabulary words and required the students to use these terms in a written reflection that asked questions like, “How did you know what you needed? How did you decide how much to spend? Were you satisfied with your results? How would you improve your lemonade stand?”

In addition, Marlo’s school helped create excitement for all aspects of the learning project by having a kick-off event that included an assembly for the whole school and a skit featuring teachers operating competing lemonade stands and vying for one particular customer by using business concepts described in the book.

Writing a Business Plan​

The concept of “planning” has applications throughout life. In business, it’s particularly important.

Diane Smaracko, a fourth-grade teacher at Rye Elementary School in Rye, New Hampshire, connects the book with math and business skills when she teaches a unit on regions and their economies. “We make the connection to economics by reading different passages about businesses and profits.” Then she gets the kids thinking about how to plan a successful business by engaging in the following activities:

• Brainstorm a list of things you would need to have for a lemonade stand.
  In Chapter 2, Evan and Scott Spencer gather all the things they need for a lemonade stand.
• Design a lemonade sign.
  In Chapter 3, Jessie and Megan design a sign to sell lemonade.
• Think of two ways to add value to your lemonade stand.
  In Chapter 6, Jessie and Megan figure out “value-added” strategies to boost sales.
• Look up the word “franchise” in the dictionary and copy the definition.
  In Chapter 8, Jessie and Megan launch thirteen franchises to maximize their earnings.

Likewise, Rebecca Bowling had her fourth-grade classes create business plans for their lemonade stands after reading the book. “Each classroom team had to come up with a business name, what kind of lemonade they wanted to sell, how much they wanted to sell, and how many containers of lemonade and cups to purchase. Students had to figure out how many cups would be used for one container of lemonade. They had to come up with a fair price for large cups and small cups. The also had to come up with ‘added value’ to their lemonade by offering cute straws, cookies, cupcakes, suckers ...”

In Estes Park, Colorado, the students at Estes Park Elementary School created class stores. Fifth-grade teacher Erin Leonhardt recalls, “We made a business plan. Students created displays (like the science fair tri-folds) that advertised and set a price point. They sold items like duct tape wallets, used books, and crafts. Students went shopping with ‘kid money’ that they earned in class.” An extra lesson in economics was added by an all-too-common classroom challenge: running out of time! “When we ran out of time, [the students] either dropped prices or raised them for supply and demand. I really think they got a lot out of it.”

Advertising

Perhaps the most common activity at all the schools was creating a poster to advertise a business or product. Marketing is an important plot element in The Lemonade War, with the characters creating signs for their businesses. Likewise, students in the schools had a lot of fun considering the principles of advertising and putting those principles to use.

As Diane Smaracko notes, “Great advertising keeps the products on the consumer’s mind.” She asks her students to think about how advertisers do this. Then the students design their own lemonade signs. “The children love designing their own lemonade stands and posters and figuring out ways to attract customers,” says Smaracko.

At Mullins School in Kentucky, Rebecca Bowling found the same enthusiasm for this activity. “The students designed posters advertising their lemonade stands and displayed them throughout the school. It was wonderful how they discussed the slogans they wanted to use on their posters!”

In Chagrin Falls, Mandy Marlo had her sixth-grade students create an advertisement for the lemonade stand that would benefit their sister school in Cleveland. She encouraged kids to “include anything that you think would help increase your business.” Kids responded by describing the lemonade, pointing out the affordability of the drink, using colorful and eye-catching graphics, and encouraging patrons to buy because the proceeds would benefit charity.

Charts and Graphs

In Chapter 8 of the book, Jessie realizes she might actually win the Lemonade War if she opens several franchises. The power of her plan becomes apparent when she creates a graph of potential earnings.

Mandy Marlo had her students chart data from the interactive lemonade stand website. Rebecca Bowling had her students create bar graphs to identify their favorite kinds of lemonade. Pie charts can be used to understand the relative costs of various supplies needed to run a lemonade stand. Line graphs and bar graphs work well to show profit and loss. In fact, the number of ways that charts and graphs can be used in the classroom to compare business practices is almost limitless.

The Final Connection​

As Jacob Marley exclaimed in Charles Dickens’ A Christmas Carol, “Business! Mankind was my business!” And so it seems to be at each school that the question of what to do with money earned often leads the students back to this principle: “The common welfare was my business; charity, mercy, forbearance, and benevolence were all my business.”

Students in schools across the country chose to give all or some of their profits to a variety of charities: a local animal shelter (as Jessie does in The Lemonade War), a sister school in need of books for their library, a local food bank. Many schools also donate their lemonade money to Alex’s Lemonade Stand Foundation, a non-profit dedicated to helping fund research to end childhood cancer.

ALSF is an organization that I’ve worked with for several years. Each year, they run the Great Lemonade War Contest with the Grand Prize being a visit from Yours Truly to the winning school. It’s always wonderful to visit the schools and hear about how they used the book to learn about math and business and give back to the community.

Come see Jacqueline Davies co-present "Close Reading of Trade Books: Developing Thoughtful, Curious Readers Using Novels in the Elementary Classroom" with Carol Jago at IRA’s 59th Annual Conference, May 9-12, 2014, in New Orleans, Louisiana.

My superintendent recently asked me why I needed to go to New Orleans, so I prepared something for him and for all of you who are still on the fence about going to New Orleans. 

Top 10 Reasons to Go to the International Reading Association Conference in New Orleans:

Rafe Esquith


Gail Boushey and Joan Moser


Mary Pope Osborne

1. I am a “PROFESSIONAL.” As a professional elementary teacher, it is important for me to know the latest research and trends to better help me teach my students. I have learned so much from my attendance at the conference that I can share with my fellow teachers. I’ve brought back with me tons of ideas to share and books I have purchased or gotten free. The school needs to support a teacher willing to take time for their professional growth.
2. General Session speakers are very motivational. I am looking forward to hearing Rafe Esquith (who was dubbed by Washington Post as “the World’s Most Famous Teacher”), authors Jeff Kinney (Diary of a Wimpy Kid series) and Dav Pilkey (Captain Underpants series), and literacy researcher P. David Pearson.
3. Featured Speakers—The two “Daily Five” sisters, Gail Boushey and Joan Moser are back. Yeah! I always enjoy listing to MaryEllen Vogt (English Language Learners), and Timothy Rasinski (reading strategies).
4. Teaching Edge workshops with Debbie Diller (literacy work stations), Douglas Fisher and Nancy Frey (Close Reading and Writing), and Kelly Gallagher (“Teaching Students to Read Like Writers”).
5. The Exhibit Hall—It takes me at least a half a day and many short trips to go through the Exhibit Hall, talk to vendors, get as many samples as I want, and sign up for door prizes and samples. Free books are abundant. Authors autographing my favorite books is a must. Mini-workshops are available on various subjects by the top vendor presenters. Demonstrations are going on for new technology. I love to talk to the spokespeople that publish the texts I use to find out what is new and how to better teach the material.
6. Workshops, institutes, symposiums, and poster sessions—My fellow Advisory Committee of Teachers (ACT) members will be presenting a workshop on Saturday, May 10. Stop by for a meet and greet, learn what we are doing in our classrooms, and find out what ACT is all about. There are lots of other sessions on any and all subjects. I want to go to some on technology. Use the iPlanner (a great tool) and plan your day accordingly.
7. Meeting lots of teachers from all over the globe. I got to meet my good friend and fellow ACT member from Kenya, Africa, Margaret Muthiga.
8. Come on, it’s New Orleans! I want to taste beignets, po-boys, and maybe (NOT!) gumbo and crawfish. I want to go on a swamp tour, a tour of the cemetery, and see what the French Quarter is all about.
9. Author luncheon—I am going to listen to one of my favorite authors, Mary Pope Osborne (Magic Tree House series). I remember turning my second grade students on to her books. Boy, were they excited!
10. Summer of 2015 and the next International Reading Association Conference in St. Louis. It is summer, and I won’t be missing any school. We are planning and packing a big van with lots of teachers and road tripping to St. Louis.

The International Reading Association 59th Annual Conference will be held Friday, May 9 through Monday, May 12, 2014 at the Ernest N. Morial Convention Center in New Orleans, Louisiana. Visit www.iraconference.org for conference details or to register. 

Mary Lou Benesch, a member of the Advisory Committee of Teachers, is a Title 1 teacher at Howells-Dodge Consolidated Schools. She is past president of the Nebraska State Reading Association, and currently serves as president for her local, East Central Nebraska Reading Council, mbenesch@esu7.org. 

Teaching in ACTion is a series from the Advisory Committee of Teachers (ACT), an International Reading Association committee comprised of exemplary reading and literacy teachers from around the world. Educators who best exemplify the mission of IRA are chosen from a pool of applicants to serve a three-year term. Among other responsibilities, the main charge of ACT is to be the conduit between IRA’s members and the board of directors. 

ACT invites member to engage in the conversation by sending responses to us. ACT’s goal is to get a feel for how members feel about current hot topics, so that we may better serve members by sharing their concerns with the board of directors. 

Accommodations...I’m in favor if they support developing the skill of all readers in a class. However, as I visit middle schools and talk to teachers around the country, I notice that in the era of the Common Core, dozens of districts have returned to one book for all. Since one book or one anthology won’t meet students’ range of instructional needs, teachers accommodate instruction to meet district requirements. They often read the text aloud to a group or the entire class.

p: Enokson via photopin

The result is that developing readers who need to read to improve their skill aren’t reading during instructional time, while advanced readers aren’t challenged to read complex texts at their instructional levels. Moreover, many students don’t absorb information from teachers reading aloud because they aren’t listening. However, there is a teaching strategy that can meet the instructional reading needs of middle school students even if teachers have forty-two or forty-five minute classes: differentiating instruction.

Differentiation asks teachers to meet students’ instructional needs by providing texts at a variety of reading levels. Equally important, differentiation allows students to choose instructional and independent reading texts, and choice motivates and engages them. To facilitate differentiation, organize instructional reading units around a genre to meet your students’ reading needs. By looking at what happened in a seventh grade inclusion class, you can better understand how the teacher and I restructured instruction.

In September, students in that class had instructional reading levels from 3.0 to 11.0. Required to deliver selections from the grade-level anthology, the teacher read the selections out loud to the majority of students. After debriefing with the teacher, we developed these accommodations:

• the anthology became the anchor text, and the teacher and I used it to think aloud and model reading strategies in brief mini-lessons;
• we raided the school, public, and classroom libraries to find enough books within the anchor text’s genre to offer all students choices;
• we provided several books within each instructional level and students chose one;
• instructional books and materials remained at school and students read, discussed, and wrote about these texts for 25 to 30 minutes three to four times a week; and
• students completed independent reading once or twice a week, after finishing instructional reading tasks and at home.

As students read, the teacher and I circulated among them to hold brief conferences. After students completed the first two chapters, we conferred with each one to check recall and comprehension. If recall was shaky, we invited students to reread the first chapter during class and met with them again. When there was limited recall and comprehension among a few students, we honored their efforts and suggested they try the book later. Then, we offered a student three to four alternate books to browse through and select one. Doing this by the end of the second chapter allowed students to meet reading deadlines we negotiated with them.

In addition to mini conferences, we invited students in that inclusion class to discuss their books with a partner after reading two to three chapters. Once we used the anchor text to model a journaling technique, students composed journal entries on inferring, vocabulary, theme, or why characters changed or made certain decisions. Students also enjoyed discussing their books on a class blog and an online literature circle. Along with instructional reading that moved seventh graders in the inclusion class forward, we emphasized independent reading.

By having students self-select and read forty-to-sixty books at their independent reading levels, we differentiated independent reading. This was the big game changer because students practiced and applied what they learned during instructional time to independent reading. Students entered completed or abandoned books on a book log and used the log to discuss favorite authors, genres, or a specific book they couldn’t put down. Students recommending books to their peers through monthly small group discussions of their book log and by presenting monthly book talks was an ideal way to advertise great reads.

We monitored independent reading through book talks, written book reviews, peer conferences, podcasts, blog writing, and journal responses. No seventh grader completed a project for every independent reading book because when students read, read, read, it’s impossible to monitor every book. We accelerated reading achievement with a combination of the anchor text, instructional and independent reading, and believe that your students, like those in that seventh grade inclusion class, can develop a personal reading life that will sustain them at school and in their careers.

Come see Laura Robb co-present “Deep Reading & Deep Writing: Developing Literacy Skills Using Mentor Texts” with Ruth Culham at at IRA’s 59th Annual Conference, May 9-12, 2014, in New Orleans, Louisiana.

Laura Robb is a literacy coach, Scholastic educational consultant and author. With over 43 years in the classroom Laura Robb is one of the nation’s leading experts on middle school reading. She leads workshops on reading and writing for elementary, middle, and high school.  She is the author of Unlocking Complex Texts, Scholastic, 2013 and XBOOKS™, a nonfiction language arts program for middle school students.  She has written 15 books for teachers including: Nonfiction Writing From the Inside Out: Lessons for Teaching All Elements of the Craft, Inspired by Conversations with Leading Authors; Teaching Reading in Middle School; Teaching Reading in Social Studies, Science, and Math; Grammar Strategies and Lessons That Strengthen Students' Writing.   

As a faculty member for the K-6 teacher education program at the University of Southern Mississippi, one of my roles includes teaching students how to integrate technology into the curriculum. Every year I research new technological trends that may benefit pupils in K-12 classrooms. This year, one of my topics is digital storytelling.

p: J Paxon Reyes via photopin

Using technology effectively in school has many benefits. In addition to helping students improve in reading, the use of technology often motivates students, helps them function well in their digital world, and facilitates the learning of subject matter. Technological tools allow students to perceive and create content through various formats including graphic images, audio, video, music, etc.

What is Digital Storytelling?

Digital storytelling is a method students can use to tell a story by adding images, photographs, music, narration, and text to make a movie. The first step in creating a digital movie involves writing the story in print format. Later, students combine the text from their stories with technological features that complement the words. The steps include:

1. Writing a story.
2. Sketching scenes to match the narration on a storyboard.
3.  Numbering sections of text to correspond with scenes on the storyboard.
4. Collecting graphics that complement the scenes, such as photographs and clip art.
5. Recording the narration.
6. Combining the files into a movie with a video-editing program such as Movie Maker or iMovie.
7. Adding a title frame.

When researching how digital stories benefit students, I read an excellent article in The Reading Teacher entitled “Digital Storytelling: Extending the Potential for Struggling Writers” by Ruth Sylvester and Wendy-lou Greenidge. This article mentioned Joe Lambert’s model for creating good digital stories; educators may wish to use his model for guidance. It includes seven elements:

1. Point of view—Defining the author’s perspective
2. Dramatic question—Asking a question that will capture the viewer’s attention
3. Emotional content— Focusing on serious issues involving powerful emotions to tell an effective story
4. The gift of your voice—Using one’s own voice to personalize the story
5. Soundtrack— Using music that is congruent with the story
6. Economy—Using the right amount of information without overloading the viewer 
7. Pacing—Progressing at the right pace in order to maintain the audience’s interest

Guidelines for Starting a Digital Storytelling Project

Teachers who have never done a digital storytelling project may be afraid of looking unprepared in front of their students and may avoid this kind of project for this reason. The good news is that these projects are relatively simple to make, and there are several strategies that’ll help teachers who are unfamiliar with this teaching method get started. The first strategy is to familiarize oneself with the appearance of  digital stories. 

The following websites provide excellent examples:

Educational Uses of Digital Storytelling
This website was designed as a useful resource for educators and students who are interested in integrating digital storytelling with educational activities. It was created in 2004 at the University of Houston College of Education and includes numerous digital stories on various topics.

Creative Narrations
Creative Narrations is an organization that uses storytelling for self-discovery and strengthening relationships. It was founded in 2001 to support organizations with multimedia tools to document perspectives of change and includes a gallery of digital stories.

The East of England Broadband Network
The East of England Broadband Network (E2BN) is organized by the government of England to improve teaching and learning by the use of broadband technology. This site presents numerous digital stories produced by children.

Another strategy that can help educators learn how to create a digital story involves free tutorials on the Internet that offer step-by-step directions on various components of creating digital stories. I did not know how to create a digital story myself, but after viewing a few tutorials I found on YouTube and practicing on my computer, I made some very nice ones. 

The following tutorials may be helpful:

How to Create a Digital Story in iMovie
This short video presents instructors or students with the basics of creating a digital story using iMovie. It contains information on opening iPhoto and iMovie, importing photos, adding narration, fixing mistakes, and exporting and saving the movie.

How to Create a Digital Story Using Windows Movie Maker
This video teaches instructors or students many aspects of making a digital story using Movie Maker, including opening the program, importing images, recording and importing audio, adding titles, and adding or changing color.

Teachers can use digital storytelling projects to help students improve in fluency and vocabulary and to help reluctant readers become excited about reading. When students lack motivation to read as a result of being poor readers, they often avoid reading and consequently fail to improve as much as those who read more.

Teachers can also use digital storytelling circles (DSCs) to encourage students to engage in dialogue and discussion, which are crucial components of comprehension instruction. To use DSCs, break students in small groups (three to five students per group) to read the same text, and have students create a digital story of the text.

Digital storytelling projects can also help struggling writers because when students create a storyboard, they often gain a better understanding of the story sequence. Additionally, the use of graphics and photographs allows students to express themselves more easily by allowing them to use visual detail to convey ideas often omitted when writing the traditional way.

In my presentation at this year’s IRA conference, I will offer more detail about how to use digital storytelling to help students make academic gains in reading and writing. I will also provide guidelines and strategies for instructors to implement this method into their teaching.

Come see Hani Morgan present “Helping Struggling Learners to Improve in Literacy with Digital Storytelling” at IRA’s 59th Annual Conference, May 9-12, 2014, in New Orleans, Louisiana.

Hani Morgan is Associate Professor of Education at the University of Southern Mississippi. As a faculty member for the teacher education program, he researches various topics, including the use of technology to improve instruction. He regularly presents his research at national and international conferences and also publishes his findings in peer-reviewed journals. In previous years, he has presented two sessions at the IRA annual convention—one on multimodal e-books and one on read-alouds.

I’ll admit it. I’m the kind of teacher who actually enjoys going to meetings. I love finding out about what is going on in the school building and brainstorming ways to improve student achievement with my colleagues. But even though I love them, staff meetings are not my very favorite. My favorite kind of meeting is the individual kind that happens between teacher and student during your writing block: the individual student conference.

It’s the rare teacher who hasn’t sung the praises of writer’s workshop. We know the structure—mini lesson, writing time, conferencing. We understand that it’s all about choice—the students decide what they want to write about instead of teachers choosing for them. We’ve seen the grins of children who can’t wait to write about their last birthday party, their favorite athlete, or a series of school poems. But not every teacher has been able to truly harness the power of the individual conference. And while I would never claim to be an expert, I know the way I’ve honed my student conferencing has enhanced my teaching and allowed my students to make great gains in their writing.

p: World Bank via photopin

Each day, once I’ve taught my mini lesson on a topic of choice, I release my students to their independent writing time and I grab my conferencing binder. I quickly refer to my calendar and call over my first scheduled “appointment.” Making appointments with my students for their individual conferences not only means the students know when they will be meeting with me, but it ensures that I meet with every student, not just those who need the most support.

Writing conferences generally last about 3-5 minutes. I always begin by greeting the student warmly, then reviewing his or her writing goals. We then discuss what we accomplished during our previous meeting. This helps remind both of us where our focus was the last time we met. In most situations, the student has a small assignment I asked them to complete for me at the end of our previous conference. We look at that assignment and discuss ways the strategy worked or did not work for them. For example, a student who is working on adding descriptive details to her writing may be trying to include more figurative language to add detail. So she comes to our conference with a rough draft of a personal narrative that has at least 3 examples of figurative language highlighted.

A student who is working on beginning his writing with a strong lead will come to our conference with three possible leads written for his biography. We then discuss what the student has prepared and talk about what else needs to happen to continue working toward each writer’s goals. Sometimes this includes a brief “micro-mini” lesson about a particular writing topic (writing conclusions, sensory details, etc.) or it simply encourages the student to continue practicing a particular skill.

The conferences are brief but powerful. Because they are individual, the student gets my full attention (something that is rare in a class of 29!). Since each student is working toward his or her own personal goals that he or she helped set, they have a vested interest in what we are discussing. And since they are personal conferences, I can tailor my micro-mini lessons to each individual student, taking differentiation to the maximum degree.

Harnessing the power of the individual student conference has made a tremendous difference in my students’ writing abilities and in my relationships with those students. They are willing to work hard because they know I care about them and their education, and they know that the work they are doing is making them better writers! I love the feeling when I call a student to meet with me and I hear a quiet, “Yes!” as they grab their writing materials. Individual conferences are fairly easy to implement, yet pay great dividends. Here’s how you can make writing conferences work in your classroom.

5 Tips for Integrating Individual Conferencing into Your Writing Block:

1. Use a calendar!
   With 29 students in my class this year, there’s no way I would be able to keep track of which students I have met with, and which students I have not, if it weren’t for my calendar. I keep a calendar page for each month of the school year in my conferencing binder and I always schedule each student’s next conference on my calendar before our meeting concludes. You can print calendars or purchase one that helps you stay on track.
   
   
2. Find a data-tracking system that works for you and stick with it.
   I use a simple, two-columned chart for each student. It lists their writing goals at the top, has one column to note what we discussed during their conference, and another column to write what the student is going to do to practice the skill before their next conference. I also always give my students an appointment card before they leave the conference. It tells them three things: the next time we will meet, the strategy or skill on which they are working, and what they need to do before their next conference. This means they know what skill to practice (they can even tape it into their assignment notebook) and I can look back at my data and see what we talked about the last time we met. Everyone’s on the same page!
   
   Whatever system of data-tracking you decide to use, make sure you use it consistently. It will keep you organized and is a wonderful tool to use during parent-teacher conferences. My students’ parents love to see that I am teaching their child one-on-one for a portion of the school day and love to hear that their child helped to set his or her goals.
   
   
3. Select a teacher’s assistant to handle questions while you are conferencing.
   This makes everything so much easier. Instead of students constantly coming up to ask you questions or get permission to use the restroom, they go to the teacher’s assistant. It frees you to devote your attention to the student with whom you are meeting and gives the teacher’s assistant a sense of ownership in the classroom. Win-win.
   
   
4. Truly listen to and interact with each student as you meet with them.
   Not only does this allow you to tailor your “micro-mini lesson” to each student, but it gives you a perfect opportunity to build relationships with your students. It isn’t very often that a student gets your full attention. Focus on them, and make that time worth it.
   
   
5. Individualize the student’s lesson and task.
   Each student has his or her own personal writing goals. When you meet with each one, you can pull from the writing lessons you taught earlier in the school year or lessons you know you won’t have time to teach to the whole class that fit with the student’s goals. You can also differentiate for your lower ability and gifted writers. While some students are working on spelling words correctly, others are working on including multiple perspectives in their writing. Every student gets what he or she needs to improve his or her writing in a brief period of time.
   
   Students should leave with some small task to practice between conferences. This way, you increase the likelihood that the student will transfer what you discussed in your conference to their actual writing.

It doesn’t take a great deal of preparation to start implementing individual conferencing into your writing block. Since students are fairly independent writers by this point in the school year, you can simply print out a calendar, jot down some names, grab a stack of writing, and get started! Your students (and their writing) will thank you for it.